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　　Passage 2

　　“The world's environment is surprisingly healthy. Discuss.”If that were an examination topic, most students would tear it apart. offering a long list of complaints: from local smog(烟雾)to global climate change, from the felling(砍伐)of forests to the extinction of species. The list would largely be accurate, the concern legitimate. Yet the students who should be given the highest marks would actually be those who agreed with the statement. The surprise is how good things are, not how bad.

　　After all. the world's population has more than tripled during this century, and world output has risen hugely, so you would expect the earth itself to have been affected. Indeed, if people lived, consumed and produced things in the same way as they did in 1900 (or 1950. or indeed 1980), the world by now would be a pretty disgusting place: smelly, dirty. toxic and dangerous.

　　But they don't. The reasons why they don't. and why the environment has not been ruined. have to do with prices. technological innovation, social change and government regulation in response to popular pressure. That is why today's environmental problems in the poor countries ought. in principle, to be solvable.

　　Raw materials have not run out. and show no sign of doing so. Logically. one day they must: the planet is a finite place. Yet it is also very big. and man is very ingenious. What has happened is that every time a material seems to be running short, the price has risen and, in response, people have looked for new sources of supply, tried to find ways to use less of the material, or looked for a new substitute. For this reason, prices for energy and for minerals have fallen in real terms during the century. The same is true for food. Prices fluctuate, in response to harvests. natural disasters and political instability; and when they rise, it takes some time before new sources of supply become available. But they always do. assisted by new farming and crop technology. The long-term trend has been downwards.

　　It is where prices and markets do not operate properly that this benign(良性的)trend begins to scumble, and the genuine problems arise. Markets cannot always keep the environment healthy. If no one owns the resource concerned. no one has an interest in conserving it or fostering it: fish is the best example of this.

　　1.According to the author, most students_______.

　　A. believe the world's environment is in an undesirable condition

　　B. agree that the environment of the world is not as bad as it is thought to be

　　C. get high marks for their good knowledge of the world's environment

　　D. appear somewhat unconcerned about the state of the world's environment

　　【答案】A。根据文章第1段前两句“如果以《全球环境状况非常好》作为考试题，大多数学生会将试卷撕碎，并列出一大堆的抱怨，从烟雾到全球气候变暖，从砍伐森林到物种灭绝”，由此可推断，大多数学生认为全球环境并不令人满意。因此，A正确。

　　2.The huge increase in world production and population_______.

　　A. has made the world a worse place to live in

　　B. has had a positive influence on the environment

　　C. has not significantly affected the environment

　　D. has made the world a dangerous place to live in

　　【答案】C。根据文章第2段全段和第3段首句“本世纪，全球人口增加了三倍多，全球产量也有巨大的增长，因此你可能会认为地球会受到影响。的确，如果人们还像1900年或1950年甚至1980年那样居住，消费和生产，那么到现在，地球很可能是一个令人厌恶的地方但人们没有这样做”，注意此处的虚拟语气，由此可推断产量和人口的增加并没有对全球环境造成太大的影响，故此，应选C。

　　3.One of the reasons why the long-term trend of prices bas been downwards is that ________.

　　A. technological innovation can promote social stability

　　B. political instability will cause consumption to drop

　　C. new farming and crop technology can lead to overproduction

　　D. new sources are always becoming available

　　【答案】D。根据文章第4段第4、5句“每次当一种资源似乎就要匮乏时，价格就会上升，相应地，人们会寻找新的资源，想方设法找到节省资源的方法或者寻找新的替代品。正因为如此，本世纪能源和矿产品的价格实质上已经下降了一，故应选D。

　　4.Fish resources are diminishing because_______.

　　A. no new substitutes can be found in large quantities

　　B. they are not owned by any particular entity

　　C. improper methods of fishing have ruined the fishing grounds

　　D. water pollution is extremely serious

　　【答案】B。根据文章最后一段第2、3句“市场并不能总是保持环境的健康发展。如果相关的资源不属于任何人，人们就没有兴趣保护它、培养它。鱼类资源就是一个最好的例子”，因此，可推断B正是鱼类减少的原因。

　　5.The primary solution to environmental problems is _______.

　　A. to allow market forces to operate properly

　　B. to curb consumption of natural resources

　　C. to limit the growth of the world population

　　D. to avoid fluctuations in prices

　　【答案】A。根据文章展后一段第1句“在价格和市场手段不能正常运转的地方，这种良性的趋势就会动摇，就会出现环境能源等问题”，故此，让市场价格手段正常地发挥作用才是解决环境问题的方法，A与文章的意思相符，故而正确。

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